PMC

Empirical prior distributions for cumulative probability of DLT by day for each schedule (❙, median): (a) schedule 1 (median 0.08); (b) schedule 2 (median 0.15); (c) schedule 3 (median 0.22); (d) schedule 4 (median 0.28); (e) schedule 5 (median 0.34); (f) schedule 6 (median 0.39)

Effects of treatment drugs on choice between immediate remifentanil ("remi") and delayed food (food-remi choice), on self-administration of remifentanil when the alternative response produced only timeout (remi only), and on self-administration of delayed food when the alternative response produced only timeout (food only). a: Percent choice of the food hole as a function of lorcaserin dose in the food-remi choice schedule. b: Intake of food and remifentanil (choices per session) as a function of lorcaserin dose in the food-remi schedule. (Details of within-curve differences: For the drug hole, 1.7 differs from vehicle and 3, and 3 differs from all other doses.) c: Percent choice of the food hole as a function of naltrexone dose in the food-remi choice schedule. (Details of within-curve difference: 30 differs from vehicle.) d: Intake of food and remifentanil as a function of naltrexone dose in the food-remi choice schedule. (Details of within-curve differences: For the drug hole, all doses differ from vehicle.) e: Percent choice of the food hole as a function of lorcaserin dose in the remi-only schedule. f: Number of choices of the food and remifentanil holes as a function of lorcaserin dose in the remi-only schedule. (Details of within-curve differences: For the drug hole, 3 differs from vehicle.) g: Percent choice of the food hole as a function of naltrexone dose in the remi-only schedule. h: Number of choices of the food and remifentanil holes as a function of naltrexone dose in the remi-only schedule. (Details of within-curve differences: For the drug hole, all points differ from vehicle.) i: Percent choice of the food hole as a function of lorcaserin dose in the food-only schedule. j: Number of choices of the food and remifentanil holes as a function of lorcaserin dose in the food-only schedule. (Details of within-curve differences: For the food hole, 1.7 and 3 differ from vehicle and 0.3. For the drug hole, 3 differs from vehicle.) k: Percent choice of the food hole as a function of naltrexone dose in the food-only schedule. l: Number of choices of the food and remifentanil holes as a function of naltrexone dose in the food-only schedule. * differs within curve. # differs between food and drug holes at the same dose.

(A) A representative cytotoxicity curve - Incubation with CORT at the −4 to 0hr schedule. (B, C, D) Cytotoxicity presented as % of Vehicle levels at each schedule and drug. (B) Incubation with CORT reduced NK cell cytotoxicity in a similar manner in all schedules. (C) Incubation with PGE₂ reduced NK cell cytotoxicity in the simultaneous schedule, elevated it in the −4 to 0hr schedule, and had no effects in the −8 to −4hr schedule. (D) Incubation with epinephrine reduced NK cell cytotoxicity in the simultaneous schedule, had no effects in the −4 to 0hr schedule, and elevated it in the −8 to −4hr schedule. * indicates a significant reduction or elevation in NK cell cytotoxicity compared to the respective control (Vehicle) group. Data presented as mean + SEM.

Activity patterns of cells with increased firing rates during reinforcer delivery. A, At the early training time point, of cells that showed an increase in firing rate during either the RI or RR schedule, 30.0% exhibited elevated firing rates in both conditions. B, At the extended training time point, 20.0% of cells that had increased firing rates during either the RI or RR schedule showed elevated firing rates in both conditions. C, D, Firing rate of cells showing an increase in firing surrounding a reinforced lever press epoch (i.e., goal directed on both the RR and RI levers) at the early training (C) or extended training (D) time points. Time 0 represents the time of lever press. Reinforcer delivery lasted for 1.7 s following lever press. E, F, Mean firing rates of cells showing an increase in firing rate during the RI schedule. E, At the early training time point, RI-modulated cells showed similar activity patterns when responding on the RR schedule. F, Similarly, at the late time point, RI-modulated cells showed similar activity patterns when responding on the RR schedule. G, H, Mean firing rates of cells showing an increase in firing rate during the RR schedule. G, At the early training time point, RR-modulated cells showed similar activity patterns when responding on the RI schedule. H, After extended training, cells that exhibited increased firing rates during reinforcer delivery on the RR schedule showed a similar pattern when responding on the RI schedule; however, they exhibited lower firing rates during the reinforcer delivery epoch on the RI (habit-promoting) schedule than on the RR schedule; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.